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Selection of Ring Blanks

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Ring blanks include annealed bars, tubes, sheets, hot forgings, warm extrusion parts, cold extrusion parts, fine rolling parts, high-speed piercing forgings, and hot-rolled parts. The choice of blank significantly affects the manufacturing process. Below is an analysis of the suitable conditions for each type of blank. **Annealed Bar Material**: Ideal for turning small outer rings with an outer diameter less than 50mm. It is a solid bar with a round cross-section, often used in ring layouts. However, it has low material utilization and requires a large amount of machining. It is suitable for multi-axis lathes processing large quantities of ferrules efficiently. **Tube Material**: Commonly used in mass production of small to medium-sized bearings on automated lines. It can be directly machined using single or multi-axis lathes. The typical tube size ranges from 20 to 80mm, with a maximum of 105mm. Cold-drawn steel tubes are used for smaller diameters, while hot-rolled pipes are used for larger ones. This method offers a material utilization rate of 50% to 60%, resulting in longer bearing life compared to general forgings. However, steel tubes are more expensive and may lack standardization. **Sheet Material**: Suitable for making live and tight rings for small thrust ball bearings or miniature bearings. It allows high production efficiency and saves material. **Hot Forgings**: A primary blank for turning ferrules. Suitable for both mass and small-batch production. The outer diameter of the forging is typically greater than 26–50mm. Although it has slightly lower material utilization than tube materials, it lacks a solid outer surface layer, has uneven thickness, and may cause position and machining errors. Additionally, internal residual stress can occur. **Warm Extrusion and Cold Extrusion Parts**: Ideal for large-scale production of medium and small ferrules. Warm extrusion is also suitable for larger or more complex blanks. These parts have high precision in shape and size, flat surfaces, and minimal machining required. However, there are still some challenges in their production. **Fine Rolling and High-Speed Piercing Forgings**: Fine cold or hot rolling parts offer tight arrangement, high precision, good surface quality, and minimal machining. Material utilization can reach up to 70%–80%, making them ideal for large-volume production. However, the process still has some limitations. High-speed piercing forgings provide high quality at a lower cost, with a material utilization rate of 50%–60%. They are suitable for mass production of medium and small ferrules but require expensive equipment. **Hot-Rolled Parts**: Used as blanks for ferrules with irregular outer shapes, such as inner cones and ball bearings. They are produced by rolling in a series of equidistant necks. This method is suitable for mass production of small to medium-sized ferrules, but due to the expansion process, there are not many hot-rolled parts available. In practice, the selection of ring blanks should be based on specific conditions. Factors to consider include production volume, the shape and size of the ferrule, material utilization, machining requirements, availability of blanks, and the machine shop's capabilities (such as machining methods and accuracy). Special user requirements, such as bearing life and corrosion resistance, should also be taken into account.

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