Evaluation, technology, and identification all work together -
Genetically modified safety valve, China put it very hard
Technology Daily reporter Xu Wei
“The accuracy of detection of genetically modified components in China can reach 0.1%, which means that if one grain of genetically modified corn is mixed in 1,000 grains of corn, it can be tested.†Recently, when talking to a reporter from Science and Technology Daily about genetic safety, China Agricultural University Huang Kunlun, vice president of the Food Institute, made an analogy.
Transgenic safety has always affected the sensitive nerves of the country. By introducing artificially-separated and modified genes into the organism's genome, transgene technology brings about better genetic traits of the organism, and it also brings controversy over its safety.
"At present, 25% of China's genetically modified major projects are used for research on biosafety. This proportion is the highest among all major R&D projects." According to Wan Jianmin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China has established a national security system for genetically modified organisms. The regulatory system, the security service system and the platform have trained a group of talented people with technical skills and have the ability to ensure the safety of the industrialization of genetically modified products.
China’s safety assessment is prudent, strict and strict
"The application of any new technology may be at risk. The same is true of genetically modified technologies and people are familiar with crossbreeding techniques." Lin Min, a researcher at the Institute of Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that in all types of bio-breeding technology, only genetic modification technology has so far been used. Establishing a systematic security system is sufficient to overcome and avoid the potential risks associated with the application of genetic modification technology.
With respect to the management of genetically modified organisms, China began to integrate with developed countries as early as 10 years ago. In 1993, the National Science Commission formulated guidelines for the management of genetic biosafety. In 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture formally implemented the Measures for the Safety Management of Agricultural Genetic Engineering. On May 23, 2001, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations on the Safety Management of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms." “This indicates that China has extended the safety management of agricultural genetically modified organisms from research experiments to production, processing, operations, and import and export,†said Lin Min.
The potential risks brought about by the application of transgenic technology relate to various issues such as ecological environment safety, human and livestock safety, and so the safety evaluation of transgenic products includes food safety evaluation and environmental safety assessment. The food safety evaluation mainly includes nutrition, toxicology and Sensitivity assessment, etc.
“In 2009, transgenic insect-resistant rice was awarded a certificate of safety of transgenics issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. Prior to this, China has carried out 11-year safety evaluation of the varieties of transgenic rice.†Huang Dazhao, Researcher, Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Said that China's safety evaluation of genetically modified rice is cautious.
“According to the standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, toxicological tests only require 90-day feeding and oral acute toxicity tests in the evaluation of insect-resistant crops. However, in addition to these tests, China has also increased the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius Commission that are not required by the standards. Three generations of reproductive tests, chronic toxicity tests and teratogenicity tests.†Huang Dazhao said that biologically speaking, 90 days of mice is equivalent to 70 years of age in 9 years, China's food safety testing of genetically modified rice has exceeded the actual requirements. "And our country's genetically modified safety certificate is valid for 6 years and can identify potential risks in a timely manner."
"In terms of genetically modified products, we have excellent products and are even leading in the research and development of GM rice, but we cannot introduce products yet. This is because government departments strictly control risks." Researcher, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhu Xi said.
The numbers illustrate the same trend. As of 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture accepted a total of 1, 525 biosafety applications from 192 research and development units, and finally issued agricultural genetically modified biosafety certificates for only 7 crops including transgenic insect-resistant cotton, insect-resistant rice, phytase corn, and anti-virus papaya. In the end, the only crops that actually went into commercial production were genetically modified cotton and papaya. "The disparity between the initial safety application and the final safety certificate also shows the strictness of the genetic safety evaluation procedures in China," said Lin Min.
Technology ensures that our country is autonomous, controllable and advanced in this field
While strict genetic management procedures, the ever-increasing scientific and technological level has become another guarantee for the safety of genetically modified organisms.
In 2008, China began to implement the implementation of major science and technology projects for the breeding of new varieties of genetically modified organisms. A large amount of money is used for the safety of genetically modified organisms. In the past ten years, China has developed a total of 69 new methods for evaluating the safety of transgenic environment, 30 new methods for evaluating food safety, 95 new methods for monitoring and monitoring technologies, and 3 technical standards and procedures for the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms. 89 technical standards were tested and 25 kinds of standard substances were developed. These technologies, standards, and procedures form a high-precision, high-throughput, and high-efficiency biosafety assessment and detection and monitoring technology system. They have been applied to the supervision of transgenic products in countries such as agriculture, forestry, and quality inspection, and have greatly improved China’s biotechnology. Safeguard ability.
“The results of the analysis of the digestive stability of simulated gastrointestinal tract, expression analysis of transgenic protein and microbial protein under major special projects can help scientists to simulate human body in vitro and analyze whether the human body can digest the protein expressed by the target gene in transgenic crops. Scientific data on the presence of toxic or potentially allergenicity in GM crops have been formulated as national standards. This is the first time the world has set standards.†Huang Kunlun said that many of the work in the field of genetically modified organisms in China is original and ensures Our country is autonomous, controllable and leading in this field.
“The United States once prepared to export an GM insect-resistant corn that has not been approved by China to China, and the result was identified at the customs. This is a major special research and development technology for genetic modification.†Wan Jianmin said, biosafety detection and monitoring technology The promotion of China’s biosafety has also enabled China to break through the technical barriers set by developed countries in the management of genetically modified organisms.
As of 2015, 42 genetically modified testing institutions have passed the “2+1†certification and formed a comprehensive safety inspection system for agricultural genetically modified organisms with standardized functions. The application of existing technologies can safely monitor, monitor and evaluate the composition of genetically modified products, environmental safety, and food safety.
The strictest marking system in the world ensures the right to information
"China has adopted a mandatory labeling method for genetically modified crops, and it is the only country in the world that carries out qualitative labeling, that is, it must be labeled as long as it contains genetically modified components," said Lin Min.
According to the "Administrative Measures on the Labeling of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms" of China, all agricultural genetically modified organisms listed in the list of agricultural genetically modified organisms and used for marketing must be identified; if they are not identified and not marked according to the regulations, they must not be imported or sold. The labeling systems for genetically modified products in other countries in the world are classified into two types: "voluntary identification" and "mandatory identification." For example, countries such as the United States, Canada, and Argentina have adopted genetically modified voluntary labeling management policies. EU countries adopt the same mandatory labeling management policy as China. “But in EU countries, the content of genetically modified components in related products only needs to be identified when the threshold is above 0.9%. In Japan, this threshold is set at 5%,†said Lin Min.
“The testing standards for genetically modified components formulated in China are much lower than the thresholds for the labeling of genetically modified components in countries such as Japan and the European Union. That is to say, in terms of label management, China is the most stringent country in the world,†said Huang Kunlun.
The concept of biosafety management determines the GM technology policy and the direction of the industry. Safety management policies, including the system of genetically modified organisms, are often used as barriers to seize market and technological heights.
“In recent years, the international community has loosened its biosafety management. Although controversial, some mainstream scientists still believe that some gene editing technologies do not involve exogenous genes, and management does not need to be so strict.†Huang Dazhao said, “One According to an official from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. will issue new policies on genetic regulation, and whether or not new technologies with focus on genome editing will also be regulated and approved, and related new policies are being formulated. The momentum of this development needs to be highly valued." (Source: Science and Technology Daily)
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