What are the green materials used in blue and white porcelain?
Su Ma, also known as Su Mu Ma Qing or Su Bo Mu Qing, is one of the most famous green pigments used in traditional Chinese blue and white ceramics. The name "Su Ma" comes from a Persian word, "Sulayman," which was later adapted into Chinese. It is believed that this cobalt pigment was first discovered in the Kumsa village of the Bosca Mountains. According to local legend, a man named Sulaiman found the material, hence its name. Another interpretation suggests that "Su Ma" is a transliteration of the English term "smalt," meaning dark blue or a powdered pigment. This cobalt is high in iron and low in manganese, resulting in a deep, rich green tone with a characteristic "rust stain" or "tint light." Many of the blue and white pieces from the Yuan, Ming, and early Qing dynasties were made using this material, primarily sourced from ancient Persia or present-day Syria.
Equality Qing, also called Tang Tangqing, originates from Leping, Jiangxi. It became popular during the late "blank period" and the early years of the Chenghua, Hongzhi, and Zhengde reigns. This material produces a lighter, more stable blue color, and it played a key role in making the Chenghua blue and white porcelain renowned for its delicate beauty.
Shiziqing, also known as Shiqing, is produced in Gao’an, Yifeng, and Shanggao in Jiangxi. When used alone, it creates a deep, almost black blue. This pigment was widely used during the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in official kilns where it was often mixed with other materials to achieve a balanced effect.
Back to Green, also known as Huiqing, is found in regions like Xinjiang, Yunnan, and the Western Regions. This material has a strong color but lacks cohesion when used alone, so it's typically blended with Shiziqing. During the Jiajing and Wanli periods of the early Ming Dynasty, it was commonly used in two ways: "Xiaoqing" (10% mixed with Shiziqing) for filling and "Zhongqing" (40% mixed) for outlining, producing vibrant and clear designs.
Zhejiang material, also called Zheqing, comes from Shaoxing and Jinhua in Zhejiang Province. These materials are considered some of the best domestically produced cobalts, with a distinct green hue. They were widely used in the Jinghua Town official kilns during the middle of the Wanli period and throughout the Qing Dynasty.
Zhuming material, produced in Xuanwei, Huize, and Yiliang in Yunnan, is particularly prized for its bright and pure color. It was extensively used in Kangxi-era blue and white porcelain, contributing to the elegance and clarity of the designs.
The domestic cobalt materials mentioned above are generally high in manganese, which affects their color intensity and depth. In contrast, chemical green materials—made from synthetic cobalt oxide—produce a more uniform and vivid blue. However, they lack the natural depth and richness of traditional pigments. Porcelain made with these materials often appears less authentic and lacks the subtle beauty of naturally derived colors.
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