At present, countries in Europe and the United States have identified hydrogen energy and fuel cells as important technologies for maintaining economic prosperity and national security. Hydrogen is expected to become the basic energy source for maintaining the economy. However, in China, for various reasons, the research and utilization of hydrogen energy is still in the demonstration stage, and the development faces difficulties. Up to now, China has no corresponding plans and roadmaps for hydrogen energy development and utilization. The further development of hydrogen energy is awaiting the active promotion of government forces.
Western countries are eager to develop and utilize hydrogen energy
Hydrogen energy is called the ultimate clean energy of human beings. According to Dr. Li Qing from the Low Temperature Technology Experimental Center of the Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, hydrogen is the most common element in the universe. Hydrogen and its isotopes account for 84% of the total mass of the Sun, and 75% of the mass of the universe is hydrogen. And hydrogen energy is expected to become a pivotal secondary energy source in the world energy arena. It is an extremely superior new energy source. Its main advantages are: high calorific value of combustion. The calories after burning per kilogram of hydrogen are about 3 times that of gasoline, 3.9 times that of alcohol, and 4.5 times that of coke. The product of its combustion is water, which is the cleanest energy source in the world. Hydrogen can be produced from water, which is the most abundant resource on earth. The recycling of this natural material is a classic process of sustainable development.
In the face of the serious challenges of global energy depletion, hydrogen energy is also becoming the focus of research in countries around the world.
The United States has identified hydrogen and fuel cells as one of the technologies that sustain economic prosperity and national security. At present, the two core departments leading the development of hydrogen energy and fuel cells in the United States are the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of National Defense. The US Department of Energy's goals include acquiring hydrogen energy from existing and future resources while advancing fuel cell research; the US Department of Defense's research focuses on the military applications of hydrogen and fuel cells, with a focus on proton exchange. Membrane and solid cyanide fuel cells. Governments at all levels in the United States have provided substantial funds to fund research institutions for hydrogen energy research and development.
In addition, US companies have invested a lot of energy in hydrogen energy research and development. According to data released by the US Patent Office, since 2002, the number of US hydrogen energy patents has broken through, reaching a peak in 2009, and has been steadily rising in recent years.
Germany and Japan are far ahead in the field of hydrogen energy research. NOW, a wholly-owned company in Germany, is solely responsible for the demonstration of hydrogen fuel cells in Germany. The German National Innovation Program (NIP) focused on the hydrogen and fuel cell markets for a period of 10 years from 2007 to 2016, focusing on demonstration and development projects to promote hydrogen and fuel cell development through marketization. The project is funded by the government and industry in a 1:1 ratio – the government contributes 500 million euros to demonstrate, plus 200 million euros for hydrogen energy research and development, while the industry contributes 700 million euros, for a total of 1.4 billion euros.
Dr. Cai Che, Global CEO of Daimler Group, revealed at the opening ceremony of the 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference that Daimler will mass produce fuel cell vehicles from 2014 to 2015 and commercialize it in 2015. Germany is preparing to build 1,000 hydrogen refueling stations by 2015 and will supply hydrogen to 10 x 104 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Japan's development and utilization of hydrogen energy is mainly focused on fuel cells, vehicle batteries and fixed-cell fuel cells. In order to develop and promote fuel cell vehicles as soon as possible, Japan has adopted a full investment method and entrusted VEDO, a wholly-owned company of the Ministry of Industry and Industry of Japan, to manage the Japanese hydrogen and fuel cell demonstration projects. One of the goals of the project is to establish 1,000 hydrogen refueling stations throughout Japan by 2025. Since the project was launched in 2002, the Japanese government has invested 100 billion yen (equivalent to 8 billion yuan).
The European Union has always attached great importance to the research of hydrogen fuel and fuel cells. In October 2002, the European Union established the Advanced Research Group on Hydrogen Fuel and Fuel Cell Technology. As early as 2003, the European Commission formulated the “European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Roadmapâ€.
Countries all over the world have invested heavily in the development and utilization of hydrogen energy. At the opening ceremony of the 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference held in May last year, the head of the US Department of Energy's fuel cell technology development department said that the budget for hydrogen energy development in the US fiscal year 2011 was $256 million. Including fuel cell systems, hydrogen fuel, hydrogen energy technology research and development, hydrogen safety, regulations, standards and many other projects related to hydrogen energy. The data shows that the cumulative investment in hydrogen energy in eight European countries including Germany, France and the United Kingdom is 530 million euros in 2005, 2.611 billion euros in 2015-2020, and 14.32 billion euros in 2020-2025. From 2025 to 2030, it will reach 59.21 billion euros (of which hydrogen production accounts for about 50%, and hydrogen station investment accounts for about 20%).
China's hydrogen energy development faces many bottlenecks
China's research and development in the field of hydrogen energy is not too late, dating back to the early 1960s. At that time, in order to develop the aerospace industry, China has done a lot of work on the production and development of hydrogen fuel cells for rocket fuel liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen energy technology was once included in the "Science and Technology Development Tenth Five-Year Plan" and the 2015 Long-Term Plan (Energy Field), and the research on hydrogen energy and fuel cells has been further supported. Li Qing said that in the previous basic issues ("973" plan) and applied research ("863" plan), the state attaches great importance to hydrogen energy. The research on the hydrogen energy thematic system during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period of the “863†project of the Ministry of Science and Technology has progressed to varying degrees in 2008. In the same year, the 17th World Hydrogen Energy Conference awarded the China Science and Technology Minister Wan Gang's 2008 Grave Award in recognition of its contribution to the promotion of fuel cell vehicles.
After the announcement of the “863†plan for the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†for energy conservation and new energy vehicles, the Ministry of Commerce plans to provide billions of dollars in support for domestic enterprises in the research and development of hydrogen energy vehicles. As a result, many domestic auto companies began to develop hydrogen energy technology.
However, an incident has clearly dragged on the development of hydrogen energy. In March 2007, a proposal to develop vehicle power technology and reduce traffic pressure as soon as possible was written and signed by 26 domestic and foreign traditional engine experts and sent to relevant departments.
"The future prospects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, there are still many unpredictable factors. If the hydrogen fuel vehicle research is final, it is found that it needs to take other technical approaches, which makes the large-scale investment of hydrogen fuel vehicles abandon." 26 experts reminded If China blindly follows the pace of some multinational corporations, it will completely “betting†a large amount of financial, human and material resources on the research and development of hydrogen energy vehicles, which is likely to bring huge damage to the Chinese automobile industry as a pillar industry.
"Different opinions of different experts have made the Chinese government departments hesitant to develop hydrogen energy," said Mao Zongqiang, a professor at Tsinghua University and vice chairman of the China Renewable Energy Society and executive director of the International Hydrogen Energy Society.
This swaying attitude is also reflected in the formulation of hydrogen energy standards. It is reported that foreign activities related to hydrogen energy technical specifications and standards are very active, the standard system of developed countries has become more and more perfect, and there are many standard organizations involved in hydrogen energy. In 2008, China has also established the “National Hydrogen Energy Standardization Technical Committee†and the “National Fuel Cell Standardization Technical Committeeâ€, and has successively formulated more than a dozen relevant standards. "But this year is not working," said Mao Zongqiang, deputy director of the National Hydrogen Standardization Committee. "In the past few years, the National Standardization Committee has given several indicators (the development of hydrogen energy related standards), but two indicators in these two years. nothing."
The absence of standards has had a major impact on the development of hydrogen energy. Mao Zongqiang revealed that because of the lack of standards, a hydrogenation station in Shanghai could not complete the acceptance after one year of construction.
Mao Zongqiang said that in the context of developed countries adopting hydrogen energy as a national strategy, China has never had a national hydrogen energy roadmap so far, and relevant policies and provisions on the development of hydrogen energy industry are even more uncommon. "About the development of the national hydrogen energy roadmap, we have reported to the relevant departments many times, but there has been no result." Mao Zongqiang said.
In addition, although China has established new energy vehicles as strategic emerging industries, the positioning of hydrogen energy in new energy industries and fuel cell vehicles in the new energy automobile industry is still vague. Wang Zhe, a professor at the New Energy Automotive Engineering Center of the Automotive College of Tongji University, believes that this is not conducive to the correct guidance of the company's research and development and production investment, nor can it lead to the participation of social forces. The lack of hydrogen energy and fuel cell development strategies will directly affect the development speed of hydrogen energy and fuel cells in China.
There are still gaps between some key technologies of hydrogen energy and fuel cells in China and the international advanced level. For example, the fuel cell passenger car operated as a bus demonstration in China has not exceeded 3,000 hours of operation life, and the life cycle of the fuel cell engine system for urban passenger cars developed by UTC has exceeded 5000 hours under road test conditions; China's fuel cell engine International advanced indicators have not yet reached the low-temperature storage and start-up of fuel cell systems. In addition, China is also facing the problem of excessive use of hydrogen energy in the world.
In addition, although China's fuel cell vehicles have been demonstrated through the Olympic, World Expo and other major platforms, there is a lack of long-term application and promotion mechanisms compared with foreign countries. There is also a big gap between the planning, construction and operation of hydrogen refueling stations and foreign countries. Mao Zongqiang revealed that there are currently 200 hydrogen refueling stations in the world, but there are only four in China, and three of them are invested by the state for more than 30 million yuan, but only one private hydrogen refueling station is still operating smoothly after completion. . In terms of hydrogen transmission pipelines, the global hydrogen transmission pipeline has more than 3,000 kilometers, and China has only one hundred kilometers.
Moreover, China is also faced with the lack of professional talents in hydrogen energy research and the lack of research funding. Companies in developed countries have invested more in hydrogen energy research than the government. In comparison, China's research on hydrogen energy is almost entirely dependent on the government, and China's investment in hydrogen energy research is also rare.
In general, "the research and utilization of hydrogen energy in China is still in the demonstration stage." Li Qing concluded.
Clear ideas and take action as soon as possible
Despite this, the attitude of the experts is still quite optimistic. Mao Zongqiang said that China still has a certain position in the development of hydrogen energy. According to him, the development and utilization of hydrogen energy includes five aspects: hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, hydrogen transportation, hydrogen filling, and hydrogen. China is at the forefront of the world in certain areas of hydrogen production and hydrogen storage. In the field of fossil energy hydrogen production, China's Erdos has the world's largest hydrogen production plant, using coal to produce hydrogen, with an annual output of 4 million tons of hydrogen. In terms of rare earth hydrogen storage materials, the world's production capacity has been monopolized by China and Japan, and China's production capacity has reached 15,000 tons. In terms of high-pressure hydrogen storage, China has produced the world's largest hydrogen storage tank.
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles manufactured in China were displayed with a top speed of 150 kilometers per hour. At the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the number of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles exhibited in China reached 196, making the German Minister of Science and Technology very surprised. In addition, domestic auto companies are working hard, and SAIC Group said it will produce 1,000 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in 2015.
Mao Zongqiang also showed a magical scene: put a pack of "bag tea" powder into the water, and quickly popped out bubbles, generating a lot of hydrogen, and charging electronic products such as mobile phones without power sockets. He said that in the domestic Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, the enterprises that produce this product existed in large numbers.
"China has a foundation in all aspects of the hydrogen energy industrial chain. If the government can support it and organically connect it, China's hydrogen energy utilization will develop rapidly and make a real contribution to the country's energy strategy," Mao Zongqiang said.
Mao Zongqiang made several suggestions for the further development of hydrogen energy.
First and foremost, the government should increase its support for the development of the hydrogen energy industry and play a leading role. For example, the development strategy of hydrogen energy industry is to lead the development direction from the key raw materials and core technologies of hydrogen energy to the application fields and industrial layout. At the same time, through the formulation of support and encouragement policies to promote the research and development of key raw materials, core technologies, components and products of hydrogen energy, encourage relevant government departments to take the lead in the use of hydrogen energy products, and find ways to increase research funding for hydrogen energy related projects.
"Hydrogen energy will affect China's energy system after 10 to 15 years. While solving the current energy supply problem, hydrogen should be given enough attention." Mao Zongqiang said that China's hydrogen energy research and development has received strong support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, but The development of hydrogen energy industrialization is only insufficient for the R&D support of the Ministry of Science and Technology. All government departments, including the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Natural Science Foundation, and the Ministry of Environmental Protection must all cooperate to promote the development of hydrogen energy and avoid the interests of the department. Fight.
Second, the company is in command. In view of the impact of the hydrogen energy industry chain on the national economy and the huge scale of the future hydrogen energy industry, especially the application of hydrogen energy products and the hydrogen supply chain, large-scale enterprise groups and service networks across regions and industries will be formed. Enterprises are in command to promote the industrialization of hydrogen energy. The development of the hydrogen supply chain also requires large enterprises to take the lead in ensuring the safety and rational layout of the entire hydrogen energy network and the controllability of the hydrogen energy industry. The construction of the hydrogen refueling station can fully refer to the gas station network construction mode, attracting social funds to participate in construction and operation.
Finally, we must actively play the role of experts to achieve information disclosure. It is necessary to give full play to the role of experts in the research, development and application of hydrogen energy. At the same time, experts are also required to be self-disciplined, and experts who have important discourse powers are not allowed to work part-time in the enterprise to make profits for the enterprise and establish an expert review and evasion system. At the same time, the information disclosure system will be established, from the formulation of the hydrogen energy development strategy to the specific project of hydrogen energy projects, evaluation, acceptance, and results, etc., must be open to information. It is necessary to prevent the "market-for-technology" approach that has proven to be unworkable in the hydrogen energy field. At the same time, the government should vigorously promote the improvement of various demonstration application markets, various power generation application markets in zero-emission areas, and special application fields of various composite hydrogen energy products.
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