Production Safety Accident Emergency Rescue and Rescue

From the analysis of mass production safety accidents and disasters, it is shown that one of the causes of the serious consequences of emergencies is that some localities and enterprises have a weak sense of crisis and inadequate emergency response capacity. Therefore, it is imperative to improve the response of governments at all levels and enterprises and institutions. The level of handling of incidents is of great significance for implementing the “one case and three systems” ( ie, emergency plans, emergency management systems, mechanisms, and legal system ) , protecting the lives of the broad masses of the people, maintaining social stability, and building a socialist harmonious society.

1 Basic understanding of emergency management for production safety accidents

1.1 Accidents have urgency, uncertainty, and severely destructive features

The urgency and uncertainty in the occurrence of production safety accidents are mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, they suddenly occur under unforeseen circumstances, they are accidental, they are difficult to judge with conventional laws, and second, they are rapidly progressing, changing rapidly, and are caused by various factors. Under the effect, accidents may occur secondary, derivative, coupled, mutated, and expanded, often appearing for the first time. There is almost no law to follow and empirical knowledge is available. Once triggered, it spreads quickly and even leads to crisis due to loss of control. The destructiveness of major production safety accidents not only manifests itself in serious impacts and losses on people’s lives, property and national economic and social development, but also poses a serious threat to basic social values ​​and public behavior standards, and their destructive power sometimes far exceeds production safety accidents. The original energy released by itself.

1.2 Emergency Response is Unconventional Management Behavior

In order to quickly control accidents and prevent the expansion of the crisis, emergency management departments have to take emergency actions, such as expropriation of private materials, mobilization of public power, restrictions on personal liberty and the implementation of news control. Production safety accidents occur suddenly and must be disposed of urgently. Emergency management personnel must make non-procedural decisions under conditions of lack of information, limited resources, and time constraints, and must also ensure that accidents are effectively controlled and the situation quickly returns to normal. At the same time, in a very serious situation and in a very urgent situation, on-site emergency command may also implement the procedure of ad hoc decision and post-replacement authorization. However, even in emergency situations, any unconventional management actions must be implemented in accordance with regulations.

1.3 The core of emergency disposal is control

The consequences of production safety accidents are generally more difficult to predict, especially in the case of repeated or prolonged periods of the emergency rescue process, the public is prone to impatient and speculative, it may also induce rumors and patience in society, resulting in abnormal social impulses. The long-term operation of the contingent, loss or loss of casualties will affect morale; the spread of accidents may also cause a great deal of material, capital investment, and destruction of facilities, which will make recovery and reconstruction difficult. Therefore, as far as possible, effective measures should be taken to control the situation in the primary response stage of the accident. The time should be as quick as possible, and the better as soon as possible; the spatial control should be controlled as small as possible. Even if the emergency response enters the stage of expanding the emergency, it must take resolute and decisive measures to prevent the continuous expansion of the situation.

2 Basic principles of emergency response

2.1 Safety First, People First

The most important principle of emergency treatment is to ensure people's safety. Persist in people-orientation is to ensure people's life safety and health under any circumstances. It is absolutely impossible to take risks with life. In the study of the rescue process, the highest priority and the most important measure must first ensure personal safety. At the same time, we must also pay attention to the emergency team's own safety.

2.2 Early Warning and Preparedness

Early warning has two functions. First, it prevents accidents. Before contingencies are formed or there are no outbreaks, contingency measures are taken to prevent and prevent the entry from the early warning period to the emergency response period; and secondly, before the occurrence and expansion of the accident, the early warning period is used. Activities can quickly increase levels, mobilize preparedness, strengthen emergency response capabilities, and control accidents in the specific types and designated areas planned by the emergency plan to ensure that accidents have entered the recovery phase before they evolve into a crisis. In addition, once an abnormal situation or signs of danger are discovered during the emergency rescue process, an early warning signal shall be issued immediately to notify the commanding and on-site personnel and take contingency measures.

2.3 First response, quick disposal

The first response is the basic principle of emergency management. Once an accident occurs, time is life, and the speed of emergency response is closely related to the severity of the accident consequences. The experience of analyzing and summarizing a large number of accident emergency rescue work shows that early rescue and treatment of accident victims is of decisive significance to life protection and injury reduction.

2.4 Unified Command and Coordination

The emergency command can be divided into many forms in the organizational structure. However, no matter which type of command system is adopted, the principle of unified command must be applied. No matter how different the administrative level and affiliation of the emergency rescue operation unit are, they must obey the emergency command. The unity refers to coordination, unified orders, consistent pace, and prohibition. The basic function of the emergency command is to coordinate and coordinate the activities of various units of the emergency rescue mission, so that each participating unit can not only fully exert its own role, but also cooperate with each other and improve the overall efficiency.

2.5 Controlling Situations and Preventing Crises

The consequences and impacts of production safety accidents are often unpredictable. A slight delay or slight carelessness in emergency response can change the nature of accidents ( disasters, incidents ) , cause uncontrollable conditions, and even evolve into a crisis, which is a fundamental value to the entire society. Standards and social order pose a serious threat, making it more time-consuming and complex and time-varying when dealing with crises, and bring greater difficulties and higher costs to emergency recovery and reconstruction. Therefore, in the entire emergency response process, it is necessary to prevent the crisis from appearing as the main objective, and all treatment measures must be resolute and decisive. The emergency rescue team must arrive at the scene as soon as possible and quickly start operations. At the same time, the public rescue work should be done at the same time. In order to prevent aggression, especially for various types of media, we must adhere to positive public opinion guidance and stabilize people's hearts.

2.6 Territory-based, resource-sharing

In recent years, flattened mesh management structures have been used in emergency management work. This management model has fast decision-making speed, strong response capability, and high operating efficiency, which helps to overcome the problems in the tree-like management structure. The network structure is mainly composed of nodes formed by nodes and nodes connected by a line and a dotted line. Most network structures use cities as nodes to promote interconnection, intercommunication, and mutual assistance among cities and to downplay the administrative level of emergency management agencies at all levels of government. Even at the national or provincial level, they are only considered as one of the nodes. The entire emergency management system will be centered down to form a flat emergency management network, strengthen local leading role in emergency management work, and make emergency disposal command locations move forward to improve the effectiveness of emergency rescue work.

3 Basic Procedures for Emergency Response to Production Safety Accidents

The emergency response process can be divided into several processes, including receiving alarms, judging response levels, alarming, starting emergency operations, performing rescue operations, expanding emergency response and rescue operations, and expanding emergency response, emergency recovery, and emergency completion.

Alarms and alarms are the first procedures for emergency response. An alarm network composed of various types of alarming methods, including public and professional personnel and on-site monitoring of key targets, should be established within the emergency management system to improve the timeliness of the alarms. And accuracy, reduce missed reports and false positives. After the accident and disaster occurs, the first time, alarm information from various channels should be quickly brought together in the command center and immediately transmitted to various professional or regional command centers. After the rapid comparison and analysis of various types of alarm information, the warning messages that may cause serious and major disasters shall be submitted to the superior emergency command center in a timely manner. After the alarm information is basically recognized, the warning information shall be issued immediately in accordance with the prescribed procedures, and an alarm shall be issued within the prescribed scope in a timely manner. Before the alarm is issued, the risk and development trend of the accident should be evaluated as far as possible. Based on the foreseeable danger, the alarm information can be divided into four levels:

(1) D1 : There are incidents that have little impact, and there is currently no need to take action;

(2)D2 : There is an accident and there is a possibility of causing a greater impact. Although not acting immediately, it should be prepared;

(3) D3 : The accident has or is likely to cause damage, and immediate response measures should be taken; (4) D4 : The accident has occurred or may occur at any time. Emergency actions such as starting an emergency plan must be taken immediately.

3.1 Live First Aid Concept and First Aid Steps

3.1.1 　 Live first aid concept

On-site first aid is the use of first aid knowledge and the most simple first aid technology for on-site primary lifesaving, to the maximum extent possible to stabilize the injury and condition of the wounded and sick, reduce complications, and maintain the most basic vital signs of the wounded and sick, such as breathing, pulse, blood pressure Wait. Whether the on-site emergency is timely and correct is related to the results of the lives and injuries of the wounded and sick.

3.1.2 　 First aid steps

First aid is to provide emergency care and treatment for the sick and wounded, giving the wounded and the sick the greatest chance of survival. First aid must follow the following four first aid procedures:

(1) To investigate the scene of the accident, it is necessary to ensure that there is no danger to the sick or wounded person or others, and to quickly remove the sick and wounded from dangerous places, especially at accident sites such as construction sites and factories;

(2) Initially inspect the wounded and sick to determine if there are any problems with their consciousness, trachea, and respiratory circulation. If necessary, immediately carry out on-site first aid and monitoring so that the wounded and the patient can maintain airway patency. If necessary, take effective hemostasis, prevent shock, and bandage wounds. , fix, preserve well-organized organs and tissues, prevent infections and relieve pain;

(3) The person should be called to call an ambulance. The rest of the rescue workers can continue to provide assistance, always insisting on reaching the site until the ambulance personnel or other rescuers arrive. At this time, it should also reflect the injury and sickness of the wounded and the simple treatment process;

(4) If it is not found to jeopardize the physical condition of the wounded and sick, a second inspection may be conducted to avoid missing other injuries, fractures and lesions, which is conducive to the implementation of necessary emergency and on-site treatment to reduce complications and disability.

3.2 alarm phone and alarm mode

(1) Fire alarm 119 . In the event of a fire or fire, call the fire alarm promptly and dial 119 to call the police , clarifying the fire unit, the location of the fire, the location of the fire, the fire materials, the fire situation, the name of the alarm person, and the call number or phone number.

(2) The police call 110 . In the event of harm, nuisance or theft of a bad person, promptly call the police officer 110 . After dialing the phone, clarify the name of the person who called the police, the location of the caller, the telephone number of the alarmist or the mobile phone number, and then briefly report the case, including the appearance of the suspect, the characteristics of the clothing, the number of people, the direction of flight, etc., and provide as many clues as possible for the public security. Office investigation.

(3) Emergency telephone 120 . Whenever or wherever a critical patient or accident is discovered, emergency calls 120 can be made . The name, age, and condition of the wounded person should be clearly stated on the phone; if there is confusion, coma, major bleeding, or difficulty in breathing, it should be clearly explained. Create the time, process, history of the past; clarify the phone number, detailed address, and the exact location of the ambulance, accident accidents should also explain the nature of the disaster, the number of injured, the cause of the injury and so on.

3.3 Accident emergency treatment on the job site

3.3.1 　 Fire emergency on job site

(1) Fire emergency. When a fire or a fire accident occurs at the job site, you should immediately understand the basic conditions of the fire area, the burning material, etc.

At the same time , dial “ 119 ” to alert the fire department, and organize the evacuation and save; before the fire department arrives, take correct and effective isolation of the flammable and explosive substances, such as cut off the power, evacuation of the personnel and the surrounding Fire, explosives and all valuables are selected according to fire conditions, and fire extinguishers are selected flexibly. At the scene of the fire fighting, they should be unified in action. If the fire is to expand and the general rescue is impossible, the withdrawal and rescue personnel should be promptly organized to avoid unnecessary Casualties; fire extinguishing can be used alone or in combination with several fire extinguishing methods ( cooling method, asphyxiation method, isolation method, chemical interruption method ) . While fighting, you should pay attention to the surrounding conditions to prevent poisoning, collapsing, falling, electric shock, and objects hitting the second accident; after the fire is extinguished, the fire scene should be protected so that the cause of the fire can be investigated afterwards.

(2) Fire self-rescue precautions. Fire-fighting should be self-protected. Use fire-extinguishing equipment to stand upwind in case of fire, so as not to be injured by fire or smoke; when fire strikes, you must quickly evacuate and do not covet your belongings; you must escape through thick smoke. Should try to use wet clothes to wrap the body, use a wet towel or wet cloth to cover the nose and mouth, or crawl on the ground; when the body is on fire, it can roll on the spot, or cover the fire extinguishers with heavy clothing; if the fire can not escape the door, Wet clothing such as bedding can be used to block the door seams, splash water to cool down, and call for help.

(3) On-site treatment of burned persons. At the scene of the accident, first-aid measures were taken immediately to disengage the injured from the injury factors as soon as possible so as not to continue to harm deep-seated organizations. When the clothes on the wounded person are difficult to remove for a time, the wounded can lie on the ground to roll, or sprinkle with water to extinguish the flames; cover the wounded surface with a clean blanket and make a simple dressing to avoid contamination of the wound; the wounded can give the right amount of water when thirsty. Or salted beverages; the wounded on the spot after treatment should be promptly transferred to the hospital for treatment, the transfer process should pay attention to observe changes in breathing, pulse, blood pressure.

3.3.2 　 The on-the-spot rescue of traumatic bleeding from severely traumatized wounded on-the-spot treatment is based on the actual conditions on the spot to timely and correctly take measures such as temporary hemostasis, clean dressing, fixation and transportation.

(1) Stop bleeding. Compression and hemostasis: first raise the injured limb, then use a sterile gauze or cotton pad to cover the surface of the wound. Replace it with a clean handkerchief, towel or other cotton fabric on the spot, and then use a bandage or cloth to compress and stop the bleeding; acupressure artery bleeding Near-central hemostasis: bleeding by partial pressure, respectively, facial artery, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, radial artery, femoral artery, anterior and posterior arterial hemostasis; elastic tourniquet hemostasis: the tourniquet must be tight, in order to Within 2 hours of the upper tourniquet, the wounded was transferred to the hospital as soon as possible.

(2) Dressing and fixing. The wound is covered with a sterile dressing or clean medical gauze and then bandaged or taped to protect the wound from infection and reduce bleeding to help stop the bleeding. In the case of a fractured limb, the upper and lower joints of the injured area can be fixed by bandaging the splint to reduce injury, reduce pain, and prevent shock.

(3) handling. The wounded personnel who have been stopped on the spot, bandaged, or fixed should be transported to the hospital for rescue as soon as possible.

3.4 Escalation of accident

When an accident escalates, emergency rescue operations should increase. In an emergency, emergency assistance can be requested from the outside.

(1) After the emergency rescue command center receives the alarm, it shall establish a local or enterprise emergency response agency at the scene of the accident and immediately make a judgment based on the detailed information of the accident report to determine the response level.

(2) If the nature of the accident is not sufficient to initiate the minimum response level specified in the emergency plan, the existing information feedback procedure is used to cancel or reduce the early warning and the emergency response agency and other relevant departments are notified to close the response procedure.

(3) Once the emergency response level is determined, the corresponding emergency rescue command center initiates emergency procedures according to the determined response level, such as notifying emergency rescue command center personnel immediately, opening information and communication networks, and deploying emergency rescue resources ( including Emergency teams and supplies, equipment, etc. ) , dispatched on-site command personnel and expert teams, and informed other emergency rescue units as support preparations.

(4) After the emergency action was launched, the on-site emergency command center was quickly activated, and the emergency rescue team immediately entered the accident site, actively carried out personnel rescue projects such as emergency rescue, public security alert, traffic control, medical rescue, crowd evacuation, on-site testing, and environmental protection, etc. In the rescue work, the expert group provided advice and technical support for the decision-making of rescue.

(5) When the situation is still unable to be effectively controlled or the scale and complexity of the accident exceeds the emergency capabilities of the region and the unit, follow the hierarchical response procedure to request the higher-level relief agency to implement the expansion of the emergency response until the accident can be completely controlled. Emergency recovery procedures.

(6) After the rescue operation has assessed that the accident has been effectively controlled, the emergency can be stopped in whole or in part. After the risk assessment is conducted, the procedures are followed to enter the emergency recovery stage, including on-site cleanup, personnel inventory and evacuation, alert release, and aftercare, but At this time, we must not completely relax our vigilance and prevent the recurrence of accidents or new risks during the recovery period.

(7) After the emergency response is completed, the emergency response is declared to end in accordance with the prescribed procedure.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.