“When selecting the angle of the tool, it is necessary to consider the influence of various factors, such as workpiece material, tool material, and processing properties (coarse and fine machining), etc. It must be reasonably selected according to the specific circumstances.†Jin Mowang CEO, Secretary of International Model Association Chang Luo Baihui believes that the materials used to make the cutting tools must have high-temperature hardness and wear resistance, necessary bending strength, impact toughness and chemical inertness, good processability (cutting, forging, heat treatment, etc.), and are not easily deformed.
Generally speaking, the tool angle refers to the manufacturing and measurement marking angle. In actual operation, the actual working angle and the marked angle are different due to the different installation positions of the tools and the direction of the cutting movement, but usually the difference is small. . Usually when the material hardness is high, the abrasion resistance is also high; when the bending strength is high, the impact toughness is also high. However, the higher the material hardness, the lower its flexural strength and impact toughness. High-speed steel has high bending strength and impact toughness, and good machinability. Modern is still the most widely used tool material, followed by hard alloys.
Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride is suitable for cutting high hardness hardened steel and hard cast iron; Polycrystalline diamond is suitable for cutting non-ferrous metals, alloys, plastics and FRP; Carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel are only used now For boring tools, dies and taps and other tools.
Cemented carbide indexable inserts have now been coated with titanium carbide, titanium nitride, hard aluminum oxide, or hard composite layers by chemical vapor deposition. The physical vapor deposition method being developed can be used not only for carbide tools but also for high-speed steel tools such as drills, hobs, taps, and milling cutters. The hard coating acts as a Barrier against chemical diffusion and heat conduction, slows down the wear of the tool during cutting, and increases the life of the coated insert by approximately one to three times over that of the uncoated one.
Due to the high temperature, high pressure, high speed, and parts working in corrosive fluid media, more and more difficult-to-machine materials are used, and the automation level of cutting and the requirements for processing accuracy are getting higher and higher. In order to adapt to this situation, the development direction of the tool will be to develop and apply new tool materials; to further develop the tool's vapor deposition coating technology, to deposit a higher hardness coating on a high-toughness and high-strength substrate to better solve The contradiction between the hardness and strength of the tool material; the development of the structure of the indexable tool; the improvement of the tool's manufacturing precision, the reduction of the difference in product quality, and the optimization of the use of the tool.
According to the cutting movement mode and the corresponding blade shape, the tool can be divided into three categories. General-purpose tools, such as turning tools, planers, milling tools (not including shaped turning tools, shaping planers, and forming cutters), boring tools, drills, reamers, reamers, saws, etc. Forming tools, cutting edges of such tools It has the same or nearly the same shape as the cross-section of the workpiece to be machined, such as forming lathes, forming planers, forming cutters, broaches, conical reamers, and various thread cutting tools, etc.; Teeth or similar workpieces, such as hobs, pinions, shavers, bevel gears, bevel gear cutters, etc.
The structure of various tools consists of the clamping part and the working part. The clamping part and the working part of the monolithic tool are made on the tool body; the working part (blade or blade) of the insert tool is mounted on the tool body.
The clamping part of the tool has holes and handles. The holed cutter relies on the inner hole to be set on the spindle or mandrel of the machine tool, and the torsional moment is transmitted by means of an axial key or an end face key, such as a cylindrical milling cutter, a set face milling cutter and the like.
The shanked tool usually has three kinds of rectangular shank, cylindrical shank and tapered shank. Turning tools, planers, etc. are generally rectangular shanks; taper shank * taper to withstand axial thrust, and the use of friction to transmit torque; cylindrical shank is generally suitable for smaller twist drills, end mills and other tools, cutting with the help of clamping The resulting friction forces transmit torsional moments. The shank of many shanked tools is made of low-alloy steel, while the working part is made of high-speed steel butt-welded.
The working part of the cutter is the part that generates and handles the chip, including the cutting edge, the structure that breaks or rolls the chip, the space for chip removal or storage, the channel of the cutting fluid, and other structural elements. The working parts of some tools are cutting parts, such as turning tools, planers, boring tools, and milling cutters; the working parts of some tools include cutting parts and calibration parts, such as drills, reamers, reamers, and inner surfaces. Knives and taps. The role of the cutting part is to remove the chip with the cutting edge, and the role of the calibration part is to trim the machined surface and guide the tool.
Generally speaking, the tool angle refers to the manufacturing and measurement marking angle. In actual operation, the actual working angle and the marked angle are different due to the different installation positions of the tools and the direction of the cutting movement, but usually the difference is small. . Usually when the material hardness is high, the abrasion resistance is also high; when the bending strength is high, the impact toughness is also high. However, the higher the material hardness, the lower its flexural strength and impact toughness. High-speed steel has high bending strength and impact toughness, and good machinability. Modern is still the most widely used tool material, followed by hard alloys.
Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride is suitable for cutting high hardness hardened steel and hard cast iron; Polycrystalline diamond is suitable for cutting non-ferrous metals, alloys, plastics and FRP; Carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel are only used now For boring tools, dies and taps and other tools.
Cemented carbide indexable inserts have now been coated with titanium carbide, titanium nitride, hard aluminum oxide, or hard composite layers by chemical vapor deposition. The physical vapor deposition method being developed can be used not only for carbide tools but also for high-speed steel tools such as drills, hobs, taps, and milling cutters. The hard coating acts as a Barrier against chemical diffusion and heat conduction, slows down the wear of the tool during cutting, and increases the life of the coated insert by approximately one to three times over that of the uncoated one.
Due to the high temperature, high pressure, high speed, and parts working in corrosive fluid media, more and more difficult-to-machine materials are used, and the automation level of cutting and the requirements for processing accuracy are getting higher and higher. In order to adapt to this situation, the development direction of the tool will be to develop and apply new tool materials; to further develop the tool's vapor deposition coating technology, to deposit a higher hardness coating on a high-toughness and high-strength substrate to better solve The contradiction between the hardness and strength of the tool material; the development of the structure of the indexable tool; the improvement of the tool's manufacturing precision, the reduction of the difference in product quality, and the optimization of the use of the tool.
According to the cutting movement mode and the corresponding blade shape, the tool can be divided into three categories. General-purpose tools, such as turning tools, planers, milling tools (not including shaped turning tools, shaping planers, and forming cutters), boring tools, drills, reamers, reamers, saws, etc. Forming tools, cutting edges of such tools It has the same or nearly the same shape as the cross-section of the workpiece to be machined, such as forming lathes, forming planers, forming cutters, broaches, conical reamers, and various thread cutting tools, etc.; Teeth or similar workpieces, such as hobs, pinions, shavers, bevel gears, bevel gear cutters, etc.
The structure of various tools consists of the clamping part and the working part. The clamping part and the working part of the monolithic tool are made on the tool body; the working part (blade or blade) of the insert tool is mounted on the tool body.
The clamping part of the tool has holes and handles. The holed cutter relies on the inner hole to be set on the spindle or mandrel of the machine tool, and the torsional moment is transmitted by means of an axial key or an end face key, such as a cylindrical milling cutter, a set face milling cutter and the like.
The shanked tool usually has three kinds of rectangular shank, cylindrical shank and tapered shank. Turning tools, planers, etc. are generally rectangular shanks; taper shank * taper to withstand axial thrust, and the use of friction to transmit torque; cylindrical shank is generally suitable for smaller twist drills, end mills and other tools, cutting with the help of clamping The resulting friction forces transmit torsional moments. The shank of many shanked tools is made of low-alloy steel, while the working part is made of high-speed steel butt-welded.
The working part of the cutter is the part that generates and handles the chip, including the cutting edge, the structure that breaks or rolls the chip, the space for chip removal or storage, the channel of the cutting fluid, and other structural elements. The working parts of some tools are cutting parts, such as turning tools, planers, boring tools, and milling cutters; the working parts of some tools include cutting parts and calibration parts, such as drills, reamers, reamers, and inner surfaces. Knives and taps. The role of the cutting part is to remove the chip with the cutting edge, and the role of the calibration part is to trim the machined surface and guide the tool.
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